In the context of genetics, Dolly is a cloned sheep, as well as the first mammal to be cloned. Dolly was cloned in Great Britain.
2. When a zygote divides into to separate cells, it is called Artificial Embryo Twinning.
3. Somatic cells are also called: adult cells.
4. In order to clone a gene, a gene is inserted into a strand of DNA, usually a plasmid.
5. In order to create an embryo from a somatic cell, the donor egg cell must have its nucleus removed.
Click and Clone
6. List all the materials needed to clone a mouse.
- DNA from the mouse to be cloned
- A surrogate mother mouse
- Sharp pipette
- Blunt pipette
- A chemical to stimulate cell division
- Petri dishes
- Microscope
7. Place the following steps in the correct order.
a) Isolate all of the donor cells
b) Remove and discard the nucleus from the egg cell
c) Transfer the somatic cell nucleus into the egg cell
d) Stimulate cell division
e) Implant embryo into a surrogate mother
f) Deliver baby
9. What color with (sic) the cloned mouse be? Brown. What is the name of this mouse? Mimi.
Why Clone?
10. Why is cloning extinct animals problematic? Locating the DNA of an extinct species is very difficult.
11. What are some reasons a person might want to clone a human? To allow infertile couples to have "children" and to replace deceased children (although the latter seems awfully questionable).
The Clone Zone
12. What animal was cloned in 1885? The sea urchin.
13. How did Spemann separate the two cells of the embryo of a salamander in 1902? The embryo was split with a baby's hair.
14. The process of removing a nucleus is called enucleation.
15. In 1952, the nucleus of a frog embryo cell was placed into a donor cell. Did it work to clone the animal? No.
16. Can the nucleus of an adult cell be injected into an egg cell and produce a clone? Yes.
17. Why are mammals hard to clone? Their DNA is complex, and their development is largely based on their environment.
18. What were the names of the first two cloned cows? Fusion and Copy.
19. In what year was the National Bioethics Advisory Council formed? 1995
20. The first mammal clone to be produced from an adult (somatic) cell? (sic) Dolly.
21. What do scientists do to adult cells to make them "behave" like embryos? The electric shock technique simulates fertilization by sperm, causing the cell to divide.
22. Transgenic, cloned sheep were used to produce what medical protein? Factor IX
23. What is a stem cell? An undifferentiated cell whose daughter cells may differentiate into other types of cells.
Cloning Myths
24. Briefly describe in your own words, (sic) why CC the cat was not identical in color to Rainbow, even though she was a clone?
Very early in her development, each of Rainbow's cells "turned off" one entire X chromosome - thus turning off either the black color gene or the orange one. In short, the genes are identical, but they are expressed differently.
25. What is "nature vs nurture"?
Nature vs. nurture is the supposed conflict between genetics and parenting: a continuing and stagnant argument over whether or not parenting has a significant influence on the child.
Is it Cloning or Not?
26. For each of the following scenarios, indicate YES (it is cloning) or NO (it is not cloning)
(NO)Sperm taken from a mole goat is combined with a female's egg in a petri dish. The resulting embryo is implanted into the female's uterus to develop
(YES)A sheep embryo, composed of 16 cells, is removed from the mother's uterus and separated into individual cells. Each cell is allowed to multiply, creating 16 separate embryos, which are then implanted in different female sheep to develop to maturity.
(NO)A cow with many desirable traits is stimulated with hormones to produce a number of egg cells. Each of these eggs is fertilized and implanted into a surrogate mother.
(NO) In vitro fertilization
(YES) Cell nuclei from an extinct wolly mammoth are placed into enucleated cow cells.
27. Define or describe each of the following processes (you may need to reset the Cloning or Not Screen)
In vitro fertilization
Fertilization of an embryo by sperm cells within a test tube.
Embryo splitting
An embryo splitting evenly, causing the development of two identical organisms.
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
Creating a clonal embryo using an ovum with a donor nucleus.
Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer
A process to produce multiple copies of an animal.
Artificial Insemination
Sperm is placed into a female reproductive track in an attempt to cause fertilization.
What Are the Risks of Cloning?
28. What is one reason why cloning animals has such a high failure rate?
Pregnancy frequently fails.
29. What is a telomere and how does it affect cloned animals?
A telomere is "junk DNA" at the beginning and end of each chromosome.
30. Pick one of the questions to ponder and ....ponder it. Write a brief essay on your thoughts and opinions.
If a clone originates from an existing person, who is the parent?
The term "parent" is a pretty meaningless when applied to artificially produced organisms. After referring to a number of different dictionaries, there appears to be two definitions of "parent": the more common one is "the person who raises a child," which seems pretty self explanatory. The second definition is "one of the two organisms from whom one is immediately biologically descended," but in this case there would only be one person: the organism which is cloned is, by definition, a clone of itself. Obviously refutable paradoxes in the English language are such fun!
In other words, there are two different kinds of parents: biological and social. Biological parents are the entities from which an organism descends. Most organisms only have biological parents; they are not raised, and learn to survive on their own (i.e. spawning salmon). Social parents are organisms which raise a child (not necessarily their own, but usually). Some species reproduce asexually, which is, by definition, cloning. Obvious examples of asexual reproduction are amoebas and pea plants.
No comments:
Post a Comment